English

English is a West Germanic language originating in England. English is the first language for most people in Australia, Canada, the Commonwealth Caribbean, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language throughout the world such as India, Pakistan and South Africa, and in many international organisations. English is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment and diplomacy. In World War II, the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States has significantly accelerated the spread of the language. Because a working knowledge of English is required in certain fields, professions, and occupations, English is studied and spoken by up to a billion people around the world, to at least a basic level. English is one of six official working languages of the United Nations.

Polish is the official language of Poland. It is the most spoken West Slavic language. it is spoken by most of 41 million people inhabitants of Poland. Polish is written in the Latin alphabet and utilizes both digraphs and diacritics to distinguish its fairly elaborate repertory of consonants. Stress is fixed on the next-to-last syllable. Polish is spoken as a first language by about 38 million people in Poland where it is the official language by more than 1 million in the other countries of Europe, The Polish language is written in the Roman alphabet augmented by the use of diacritical marks. It is extremely rich phonetically, having 10 vowels and 35 consonants, Polish is often said to be one of the most difficult languages for non-native speakers to learn, of course, this depends on the native language of the learner. While difficult for English speakers, Polish gender system is complex, due to its combination of three categories: gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), personality (personal versus non-personal) and vitality (animate versus inanimate).

Perhaps the most common misconception about translation is that there exists a simple "word-for-word" relation between any two languages, and that translation is therefore a straightforward and mechanical process. On the contrary, historical differences between languages often dictate differences of expression. Hence, source and target texts may differ significantly in length. In addition, translation is always fraught with uncertainties as well as the potential for inadvertent "spilling over" of idioms and usages from one language into the other, producing linguistic hybrids, for example, "Franglais" (French-English), "Spanglish" (Spanish-English) and "Poglish" (Polish-English). Poglish, a portmanteau word combining the words "Polish" and "English," designates the product of mixing Polish and English language elements (morphemes, words, grammatical structures, syntactic elements, idioms, etc.) within a single speech production, or the use of cognate words in senses that have diverged from those of the common etymological root.